Biggest ever accounting fraud cases
Lehman Brothers - Repurchase agreements
The most notorious accounting fraud case is the Lehman Brothers scandal. The global financial services firm hid over $50 billion in loans disguised as sales.
Taking advantage of a loophole in the accounting standard language regarding repurchase agreements, they sold toxic assets to Cayman Island banks, understanding that they would eventually be bought back. The scandal was exposed in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy.
Bernie Madoff - Ponzi scheme
The Bernie Madoff scandal came to light the very same year. Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities LLC was a Wall Street investment firm founded by Madoff, who tricked investors out of $64.8 bn through the largest Ponzi scheme in history.
Madoff and his accountants, David Friehling and Frank DiPascalli, paid investors returns out of their own money or other investors rather than profits. Madoff was sentenced to 150 years in prison and was issued a $170 billion restitution bill. Friehling and DiPascalli were also given prison sentences.
Saytam - Falsifying records
In 2009, Indian IT services and back-office accounting firm Saytam admitted to falsifying revenues, margins and cash balances to the tune of 50 billion rupees. Although founder and Chairman Ramalinga Raju and his brother were charged with breach of trust, conspiracy, cheating and falsification of records, they were released after the Central Bureau of Investigation failed to file charges on time.
Enron - Hiding debts
Before these incidents, another infamous case was the 2001 Enron scandal. The energy company kept huge debts from the balance sheet, which resulted in shareholders losing $74 billion, thousands of employees and investors losing their retirement accounts, and many employees losing their jobs.
They were famously caught when Sherron Watkins blew the whistle after becoming suspicious of high stock prices. CEO Jeff Skiling was sentenced to 24 years in prison. Former CEO Ken Lay was also sentenced to prison but died before serving time.
Treaty of Utrecht - Concealing information
In the UK, we can go back to the 18th century to find one of the earliest known accounting fraud cases. In 1720, the UK signed the Treaty of Utrecht 1713 with Spain, allowing it to trade in the seas near South America.
In actual fact, barely any trade occurred as Spain renounced the Treaty, but this was concealed on the UK stock market. A Parliamentary inquiry revealed fraud among government members, including the Tory Chancellor of the Exchequer, John Aislabie, who was sent to prison.
WorldCom - Inflated revenues & assets
This 2002 accounting scandal involved the fraudulent activity of inflating company assets by nearly $11bn. Furthermore, WorldCom's CEO, Bernie Ebbers, failed to accurately report line costs by capitalising instead of expensing them. He was also guilty of inflating revenues by recording fake entries.
In the end, this fraud resulted in over 30 000 people losing their jobs and investors losing over $180bn. This scandal came to light when WorldCom's internal audit department discovered nearly $3.8bn in fraudulent accounts. After the discovery, the company filed for bankruptcy. Ebbers was sentenced to 25 years in prison after he was found guilty of fraud, conspiracy and filing false documents.
Recent high-profile accounting fraud cases
Americanas SA - Supplier finance
The accounting scandal at Brazilian retailer, Americanas SA, resulting in a $4 billion imbalance in its balance sheet, revolves around a commonly used but obscure financial practice known as supplier finance. This practice, also called supply-chain finance or reverse factoring, can exploit lax accounting regulations to make a company's financial health appear better than it actually is.
An independent committee's report presented to Americanas' board indicates that management manipulated financial records for years, culminating in the company's bankruptcy filing in January 2023.
Granite Construction - Inflation of financial performance
In August 2022, civil engineering and infrastructure firm Granite Construction reported misconduct carried out by their former senior vice president and group manager, Dale Swanberg. The misconduct involved Swanberg's manipulation of a particular project's profit margins and not recording the costs. The SEC fined the company $12m for this financial misconduct.
The Kraft Heinz Company - Inflated cost savings
In September 2021, the SEC charged Kraft Heinz Company with engaging in an expense management scheme that resulted in the restatement of several years' worth of financial reporting. The firm's former Chief Operating Officer and Chief Procurement Officer were both charged with misconduct related to this long-running scheme. Kraft Heinz Company neither admitted to nor denied the SEC's findings and agreed to pay a penalty of $62m.
Wirecard - Fraudulent financial reporting
Wirecard, once seen as a promising German fintech company, was exposed in 2020 for engaging in extensive accounting fraud over several years. The company had falsely inflated its revenue and profits, leading to a significant scandal that ultimately forced it to file for insolvency.
Despite journalist investigations and growing scrutiny, Germany's financial regulator, BaFin, largely backed Wirecard, even barring investors from short-selling as questions mounted. However, in 2020, Wirecard admitted that €1.9 billion it claimed in accounts likely never existed.
Patisserie Valerie - False entries in ledgers
Auditors came under the spotlight after the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) and the FRC opened up investigations into accounting fraud by Patisserie Valerie. Finance director Chris Marsh was arrested after suspension, and former auditor Grant Thornton was also under investigation.
The scandal became bigger than originally thought, with the popular bakery chain admitting to “thousands of false entries into the company's ledgers”. The fraud has pushed the bakery chain into administration, with a statement revealing that the company “has been unable to review its bank facilities, and therefore regrettably the business does not have sufficient funding to meet its liabilities as they fall due.”
Nick Burchett, head of equities at Cavendish, who held shares in the business, told Insurance Journal, “Hopefully, this will prompt the industry to sharpen up their act before the loss of yet another high-street company and large number of jobs.”
Carillion - Misrepresenting figures
In early 2018, construction company Carillion came under fire regarding their finances and quickly went into liquidation, with a £900 million debt pile and a £600 million pension deficit. By May 2018, accountants KPMG came under heavy criticism for allegedly rubber-stamping figures that “misrepresented the reality of the business”. The scandal led to calls to break up the Big Four and make auditors accountable to Parliament.
KPMG - Auditing failures
In the summer of 2018, KMPG was fined £2.1 million by the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) after admitting to misconduct in its high street fashion chain Ted Baker audits from 2013 to 2014.
CHS - False financial statements
The global agribusiness, CHS, violated federal laws by filing materially false financial statements for over five years. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initially found that a former CHS real freight trader manipulated the quantities and values of certain freight contracts between 2014 and 2018.
CHS did not have sufficient internal accounting controls, which resulted in this misconduct. The company avoided a fine by settling with the SEC and agreeing to cease future violations of federal securities law.
A question of responsibility?
These recent cases have certainly brought up some important discussions around responsibilities. But should auditors be shouldering the blame for failing to uncover the fraud? David Dunckley, head of Grant Thronton, Patisserie Valerie's former auditors, claims that normal audit procedures may not be able to identify sophisticated fraud.
Although we need to ensure auditors are doing their jobs well enough to detect any signs of misconduct, companies should also do everything they can to implement best practices, procedures, and training to prevent fraud from occurring in the first place.
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